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New beautiful, dragon-like species of lizard discovered in the Tropical Andes. The Tropical Andes holds about 45,000 plant species, 20,000 of which are endemic, as well as 1,500 endemic vertebrates. Guanaco. A taxon is considered endemic if it is only known from within the geographical range of the tropical Andes; that range may be restricted to a single locality or span the entire length of the tropical Andes. (Figure 3). Certain areas have large numbers of endemic species — those found nowhere else. Mediterranean Basin. Patagonian Cavy (Mara) King Vulture. Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands. (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru). Illegal gold mining is rampant in the region and rapidly increasing, fragmenting the landscape that many endemic species rely on. Four new species of Capsicum (Capsiceae, Solanaceae) from Andean tropical forests in South America are described.Capsicum benoistii Hunz. This global hotspot is known for its extensive flora and fauna and unmatched levels of endemism (species found nowhere else on Earth). The biodiversity within the Tropical Andes is dwindling … Blue and Gold Macaw. These mountains are arguably one of the world’s leading biodiversity hotspots. White Faced Whistling Duck. by . 2000). These mountains are arguably one of the world’s leading biodiversity hotspots. Eleven restricted-range species endemic to the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela are included. Meet the iconic destinations of Colombia and discover new places to observe all the diversity of the Tropical Andes in Colombia. Note: Rubén Palacio is available for additional comment at (919) 519-9179 or ruben.palacio@duke.edu. 3b. Besides plants and vertebrates, 1,666 bird species, 479 reptile species, and 830 amphibian species reside in the Tropical Andes. Few mountaintops are lower than 2,000 metres in altitude, and most of the landscape is steep inclines, deep gullies, vast valley floors, and sharp peaks. The Tropical Andes run 4,000 km north-south. We explore the effect of roads in animal mortality within the Biodiversity Hotspot with the highest number of endemic species of vertebrates on Earth, the Tropical Andes. An example of a threatened plant species is the Andean bromelilad. Meet the iconic destinations of Colombia and discover new places to observe all the diversity of the Tropical Andes in Colombia. Crown node ages are divided by species number to give a mean species age per lineage. The Tropical Andes region in South America is the most species-rich global biodiversity hotspot, having the high-est number and density of endemic animal and plant spe-cies in the world (Myers et al. A taxon is considered endemic if it is only known from within the geographical range of the tropical Andes; that range may be restricted to a single locality or span the entire length of the tropical Andes. The mountains also serve as the home of about 1,700 species of birds and 400 species of fish of which nearly one-third are endemic. Highest species diversity in the tropical Andes is found at elevations of 2,500–3,500 m a.s.l., smallest latitudinal ranges of species are observed between 2,000 and 4,500 m a.s.l. The researchers also found that a total of 226 species endemic to the Andes-Amazon basin of Peru and Bolivia have no national protection, while about half of the ecological systems have 10 percent or less of their range protected. With the guarantee of finding several endemic species and a large number of the diversity in the Region of greatest bird wealth in the world. The Tropical Andes (TA) contain some of the most important and threatened areas for biodiversity conservation on earth. the tropical Andes. Capsicum benoistii Hunz. Biodiversity hotspot. Credit: Pablo J. We explore the effect of roads in animal mortality within the Biodiversity Hotspot with the highest number of endemic species of vertebrates on Earth, the Tropical Andes.Our objectives were to know which species are killed on roads in this particularly biodiversity-rich area and how landscape composition and configuration influences roadkills. Capsicum piuranum Barboza & … While many forms of land-cover change and other impacts on species are difficult to control through environmental regulations, governments usually determine how and where extractive industries can take place. We used a network approach to find biogeographic regions (bioregions) based on high-resolution species distribution models for 151 endemic bird taxa. Under the assumption thatprojected habitat changes were attained in 100 years, estimated global-warming-induced rates of species extinctions in tropical hotspots The northern reaches of the chain, known as the Tropical Andes, support more than 45,000 plants and 3,000 vertebrate species, half of them endemic. “They are truly a jewel of biodiversity.”. A Regional Red List of Montane Tree Species of the Tropical Andes: Trees at the top of the world. Nasa occurs in the tropical Andes from Venezuela to central Bolivia – only two taxa range into Central America. The exceptional endemic species richness found in the Tropical Andes is being subjected to high rates of environmental degradation and natural resources exploitation. Actually a sixth of all plant species can reside in the Tropical Andes. Inggeris - Melayu Penterjemah. The number of endemic species estimated for the tropical Andes is 428 species distributed among 137 genera and 38 families . Capsicum piuranum Barboza & … "Explore all the diversity of the Colombian Andes in a single tour. Ages of species diversification in lineages endemic to the tropical Andes. The Tropical Andes is the world leader in plant endemism, with an estimated 50 percent (and perhaps 60 percent or more) of its species found nowhere else on Earth. Endemic species, or species found in only one location on the planet, are essential to an ecosystem. "Explore all the diversity of the Colombian Andes in a single tour. Andean bromelilad is an endemic plant that takes up The region also has the largest variety of amphibian, bird and mammal species, and takes second place to the Mesoamerica Hotspot for reptile diversity. Most species (73 out of 98) are endemic to Ecuador and Peru. 2000). HYDROLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF SOUTH AMERICA This policy brief focuses on the need to build a multi-disciplinary institutionality that reflects that cross-border dynamics from remote rural communities located in the upper bounds of the Andes and that articulates from there to the top, via the municipal structure up to national governments and agencies, as well as supra-national … Ages of species diversification in lineages endemic to the tropical Andes. ex Barboza sp. Region, Caribbean, Indo Burma, Mediterranean Basin, Southwest Australia, and Tropical Andes, where plant extinctions per hotspot sometimes exceeded 2000 species. Highest species diversity in the tropical Andes is found at elevations of 2,500–3,500 m a.s.l., smallest latitudinal ranges of species are observed between 2,000 and 4,500 m a.s.l. narrow mountain chains, such as the Andes. Highest species diversity in the tropical Andes is found at elevations of 2,500–3,500 m a.s.l., smallest latitudinal ranges of species are observed between 2,000 and 4,500 m a.s.l. Specifically, the $12 million grant will support local communities and Indigenous peoples to establish and strengthen 30-40 new protected sites (totaling 450-600,000 hectares, or 1.11 to 1.48 million acres) critical for threatened and migratory bird species in the Tropical Andes—in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Perú—by 2027. This is the first part of an incredible tour focused on endemic and near-endemic birds of Colombia, with at least 35 endemic and 51 near endemics from the Eastern, Central and Western Andes. The Tropical Andes is the most biologically diverse of all recognized hotspots and contains about one-sixth of all plant life on Earth. The Amazon basin, Madagascar and parts of southern and central Africa also compare favorably. The graminoid layer typically has a bluish tinge. The analysis of 967 species included freshwater … Ongoing deforestation strongly threatens these species with climate change being an addi- tional threat, leading to further habitat loss and reduction of connectivity [28, 29]. Biogeographic regions and events of isolation and diversification of the endemic biota of the tropical Andes 作者. The Tropical Andes is the most biologically diverse of all the hotspots and contains about one-sixth of all plant life on the planet, including 30,000 species of vascular plants. 20.000. (Figure 3). Biogeographic regions and events of isolation and diversification of the endemic biota of the tropical Andes 作者. Region, Caribbean, Indo Burma, Mediterranean Basin, Southwest Australia, and Tropical Andes, where plant extinctions per hotspot sometimes exceeded 2000 species. Endemic plant species. The … chsaa football 4a bracket Tropical Andes HI MR H Birds Listen For Dramatic Effect Yellow Tailed Wooly Monkey The Magdalena River Turtle is a species of turtle in the Podocnemididae family. While many forms of land-cover change and other impacts on species are difficult to control through environmental regulations, governments usually determine how and where extractive industries can take place. The tropical Andes are widely acknowledged as one of the world's great centers of biodiversity (Rodriguez-Mahecha et al., 2004). One of the more unique endemic plant species is the Andean bromeliad, which … Understanding the spatial and temporal evolution of biota in the tropical Andes is a major challenge, given the region's topographic complexity and high beta diversity. Endemic and - dalam bahasa Melayu, makna, sinonim, dengarkan, transkripsi, antonim, definisi. Tropical Andes also has the most endemic plant species at 20,000 and the next hotspot contains 15,000. (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru). M. La Torre Cuadros. 2001; Kattan et al. Illegal gold mining is rampant in the region and rapidly increasing, fragmenting the landscape that many endemic species rely on. Stretching from Argentina to Colombia, the Tropical Andes, is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world—but less than 25 percent remains intact. For the study, researchers analyzed the biodiversity of approximately 800 species endemic to the Andes-Amazon basin of Peru and Bolivia. Note: Rubén Palacio is available for additional comment at (919) 519-9179 or ruben.palacio@duke.edu. nov. (incertae sedis) is endemic to a restricted area in south-central Ecuador and is most similar to the more widespread C.geminifolium (Dammer) Hunz. Almost 18% of the freshwater biodiversity endemic to the Tropical Andes region of Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador and Colombia is threatened with extinction on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™, according to a recent assessment by the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and partners. Methods Densely sampled time-calibrated phylogenies for five legume genera (Amicia, Coursetia, Cyathostegia, Mimosa and Poissonia) containing species endemic to the Andean SDTF biome were used to investigate divergence times and levels of geographical structure. Most species (73 out of 98) are endemic to Ecuador and Peru. Lineages were classified into three major Andean biomes: SDTF, MMF, and HAG. Country-level data suggest Colombia has the highest species richness. With the guarantee of finding several endemic species and a large number of the diversity in the Region of greatest bird wealth in the world. nov. (incertae sedis) is endemic to a restricted area in south-central Ecuador and is most similar to the more widespread C. geminifolium (Dammer) Hunz. Certain areas have large numbers of endemic species — those found nowhere else. Meet the iconic destinations of Colombia and discover new places to observe all the diversity of the Tropical Andes in Colombia. Tropical Andes: Biodiversity Hotspot (South America) The Tropical Andes is a region that runs through Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, spanning more than 580,000 sq mi. The Tropical Andes biodiversity hotspot extends from Venezuela to northern Chile and Argentina, covering a total of more than 500,000 square kilometres. Considered as a biodiversity hotspot, the tropical Andes exhibits high levels of endemism and spatial turnover in the distribution of species (Myers et al. A new peer-reviewed study, published online … New dragon-like lizard species discovered in the Tropical Andes. of restricted-range species tropical Andes Total no. Endemic species, or species found in only one location on the planet, are essential to an ecosystem. As a consequence, climate change at high tropical locales is not well simulated in these models. However, biodiversity in the Tropical Andes is critical to anyone and everyone who relies on its biodiversity for a food source—which is actually much of the world. We explore the effect of roads in animal mortality within the Biodiversity Hotspot with the highest number of endemic species of vertebrates on Earth, the Tropical Andes.Our objectives were to know which species are killed on roads in this particularly biodiversity-rich area and how landscape composition and configuration influences roadkills. Capsi- Note: Rubén Palacio is available for additional comment at (919) 519-9179 or ruben.palacio@duke.edu. But species aren’t evenly distributed around the planet. “The Andes are an incredibly unique place and rich in life,” says Dr. Hugo Mantilla-Meluk, a professor at Colombia’s University of Quindio. Within the Tropical Andes, species richness often peaks at intermediate eleva-tions (e.g., Rahbek 1997; Kessler et al. The Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests of the Marañon protects a unique area where the Eastern Andes meet the Amazon lowlands. As a consequence, climate change at high tropical locales is not well simulated in these models. Eleven restricted-range species endemic to the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela are included. There are 338 bird species of which 12 species are endemic. Cover image: Pictured is the hummingbird Oxypogon stubelii, a species endemic to a biogeographic region in the tropical Andes.Nicolas A. Hazzi et al. The tropical Andes, the stretch of the mountain range that includes the Central Andes (Bolivia and Peru) and Northern Andes (Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela), were dubbed the 'global epicentre of biodiversity' by British ecologist Norman Myers. Capsicum benoistii Hunz. This hotspot also maintains the largest variety of amphibians in the world, with 664 distinct species. Mesoamerican Forests Colombia is home to at least 1950 bird species – about 20% of the total bird diversity in the world. At the time the Tropical Andes was recorded to have 45,000 plant species with the next closest hotspots recorded to have 25,000 plant species. Family No. In the Central Andes, a vast “altiplano” or high plain is formed at more than 3,500 metres above sea level in southern Peru and western Bolivia. A new peer-reviewed study, published online … An adult male of Enyalioides feiruzae showing its contrasting orange head. The Tropical Andes is the most biologically diverse of all the hotspots and contains about one-sixth of all plant life on the planet, including 30,000 species of vascular plants. 2000;Kattan et al. Communities the world over, including in the tropical Andes, value dynamic mountain ecosystems, which host a diversity of endemic species and often embody the ancestral knowledges of Indigenous Peoples. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Download PDF. This region has the greatest biodiversity of plants, birds and amphibians in the world with more than 15,000 endemic plant species, 500 endemic bird species and 600 endemic frog species. For example, a recent study estimates that nearly 40% of fish species in the Tropical Andes are endemic to the region . The fauna of the Andes, a mountain range in South America, is large and diverse.As well as a huge variety of flora, the Andes contain many different animal species.. With almost 1,000 species, of which roughly 2/3 are endemic to the region, the Andes are the most important region in the world for amphibians. Four new species of Capsicum (Capsiceae, Solanaceae) from Andean tropical forests in South America are described.Capsicum benoistii Hunz. Troupial. Figure 1.1. All hotspots are important for conservation biology, but especially the tropical Andes with so many endemic species. This region has the greatest biodiversity of plants, birds and amphibians in the world with more than 15,000 endemic plant species, 500 endemic bird species and 600 endemic frog species. Such is the case of the Tropical Andes, a region extending from western Venezuela to the north of Argentina and covering large portions of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. The guanaco is one of the most common animals living in the Andes region. Wildlife found in Santiago includes 47 species of mammals, 152 species of birds, … With the guarantee of finding several endemic species and a large number of the diversity in the Region of greatest bird wealth in the world. Colombia Endemic 1 – Andes & Choco. Considered as a biodiversity hotspot, the tropical Andes exhibits high levels of endemism and spatial turnover in the distribution of species (Myers et al. “They are truly a jewel of biodiversity.”. Such is the case of the Tropical Andes, a region extending from western Venezuela to the north of Argentina and covering large portions of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. The species is widely distributed in the tropical Andes, but the number and composition of associate species largely depends on altitude. (Figure 3). Under the assumption thatprojected habitat changes were attained in 100 years, estimated global-warming-induced rates of species extinctions in tropical hotspots Endemic species found in or near the reserve include the recently discovered olinguito, the newly rediscovered longnose harlequin frog, thought extinct since 1989, and the exceptionally rare black-and-chestnut eagle. Within the Tropical Andes, species richness often peaks at intermediate eleva-tions (e.g., Rahbek 1997; Kessler et al. Furthermore, many Andean dams are run-of-river projects that divert water from the main channel for a number of kilometers before returning the … Diversity and regional endemism within the fauna are also very high with, for example, 117 mammal species, including 14 endemic species and two monotypic endemic genera found in the region. Tropical rainforests and coral reefs are among the planet’s richest and most complex ecosystems. Colombia is home to at least 1950 bird species – about 20% of the total bird diversity in the world. Crested Screamer. The Tropical Andes is the world’s most biodiverse hotspot. The evergreen Polylepis species (“Queñua”) thrives in isolated fragments (1–9 ha) on north-facing steep-slope ravines of the Peruvian Andean montane forests [].These endemic species are considered an Oligo-Miocene relict tree species (~25 Ma BP; []) and occur in rocky areas with contrasting moisture-retention properties, which affect the hydric deficit of each Polylepis species. Herein we describe two new glassfrog species (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) that we discovered within relatively unexplored and isolated localities of the Ecuadorian Andes. Reference Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, da Fonseca and Kent 2000). (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru). Tropical Andes. For example, a recent study estimates that nearly 40% of fish species in the Tropical Andes are endemic to the region . Biodiversity hotspot. Many of these are heavily threatened by habitat loss and other human activities. Some typical species include the endemic Carex bonplandii (Cyperaceae), Galium trianae (Rubiaceae) and Werneria pygmaea (Asteraceae). Nasa occurs in the tropical Andes from Venezuela to central Bolivia – only two taxa range into Central America. 20.000. “The Andes are an incredibly unique place and rich in life,” says Dr. Hugo Mantilla-Meluk, a professor at Colombia’s University of Quindio. by . The Tropical Andes run 4,000 km north-south. A locked padlock) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Perhaps because of this remoteness, it is home to hundreds of endemic tropical species. DURHAM, N.C. – Few regions on Earth are as biodiverse as the tropical Andes, nor as baffling to researchers trying to map the evolution and distribution of thousands of scattered rare and endemic species found there. Almost 18% of the freshwater biodiversity endemic to the Tropical Andes region of Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador and Colombia is threatened with extinction on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™, according to a recent assessment by the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and partners. With 80 endemic species, the country is a top destination for birders, naturalists, and wildlife photographers. Credit: Pablo J. It is endemic to Colombia Mammals Vital Signs The Tropical Andes have more than 1,700 bird species, nearly 600 of The area even sparked the interest of renowned biologist E.O. Crown node ages are divided by species number to give a mean species age per lineage. the tropical Andes. The areas with the greatest diversity of plant life are the tropical Andes and southeastern Asia. Some typical species include the endemic Carex bonplandii (Cyperaceae), Galium trianae (Rubiaceae) and Werneria pygmaea (Asteraceae). "Explore all the diversity of the Colombian Andes in a single tour. 2001; Kattan et al. Despite the proportion of protected areas (PAs) that currently cover the TA, it is unknown if these areas are adequately protecting the biodiversity throughout the region and where the expansion of PAs is most needed to preserve biodiversity in the future. Furthermore, many Andean dams are run-of-river projects that divert water from the main channel for a number of kilometers before returning the … nov. (incertae sedis) is endemic to a restricted area in south-central Ecuador and is most similar to the more widespread C.geminifolium (Dammer) Hunz. There are 175 reptiles with 50 endemic, 105 species of amphibians with 40 endemic, and 270 species of freshwater fishes with 30 of them endemic. 1. 2008). Four new species of Capsicum (Capsiceae, Solanaceae) from Andean tropical forests in South America are described. Communities the world over, including in the tropical Andes, value dynamic mountain ecosystems, which host a diversity of endemic species and often embody the ancestral knowledges of Indigenous Peoples. In the Central Andes, a vast “altiplano” or high plain is formed at more than 3,500 metres above sea level in southern Peru and western Bolivia. Date: August 30, 2021. why is the tropical andes a hotspotmass concentration definition. Location of the Tropical Andes Biodiversity Hotspot Most hotspots are located in tropical countries with complex political systems, major economic and human development challenges. why is the tropical andes a hotspotmass concentration definition. Giant Anteater. used high-resolution species distribution models and dated molecular phylogenies of birds to study species isolation and diversification in the tropical Andes. Our objectives were to know which species are killed on roads in this particularly biodiversity-rich area and how landscape composition and configuration influences roadkills. The Tropical Andes region in South America is the most species-rich global biodiversity hotspot, having the high-est number and density of endemic animal and plant spe-cies in the world (Myers et al. There are 175 reptiles with 50 endemic, 105 species of amphibians with 40 endemic, and 270 species of freshwater fishes with 30 of them endemic. The region is a source of thousands of different species of potato, legumes, fruits, and roots, along with different species of grains such as quinoa. Reference Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, da Fonseca and Kent 2000). “The Andes are an incredibly unique place and rich in life,” says Dr. Hugo Mantilla-Meluk, a professor at Colombia’s University of Quindio. The graminoid layer typically has a bluish tinge. Indeed, when considering the rate of warming in the free troposphere (e.g. The evergreen Polylepis species (“Queñua”) thrives in isolated fragments (1–9 ha) on north-facing steep-slope ravines of the Peruvian Andean montane forests [].These endemic species are considered an Oligo-Miocene relict tree species (~25 Ma BP; []) and occur in rocky areas with contrasting moisture-retention properties, which affect the hydric deficit of each Polylepis species. DURHAM, N.C. – Few regions on Earth are as biodiverse as the tropical Andes, nor as baffling to researchers trying to map the evolution and distribution of thousands of scattered rare and endemic species found there. Endemic species found in or near the reserve include the recently discovered olinguito, the newly rediscovered longnose harlequin frog, thought extinct since 1989, and the exceptionally rare black-and-chestnut eagle. Andes (155 species) than in the central Andes (129 species). western slopes of the Andes are the habitat of more than 400 endemic animal species [2]. New dragon-like lizard species discovered in the Tropical Andes. Family No. Capsi- DURHAM, N.C. – Few regions on Earth are as biodiverse as the tropical Andes, nor as baffling to researchers trying to map the evolution and distribution of thousands of scattered rare and endemic species found there. The northern reaches of the chain, known as the Tropical Andes, support more than 45,000 plants and 3,000 vertebrate species, half of them endemic. Many of these are heavily threatened by habitat loss and other human activities. Location Tropical Andes, South America. The researchers also found that a total of 226 species endemic to the Andes-Amazon basin of Peru and Bolivia have no national protection, while about half of the ecological systems have 10 percent or less of their range protected. 9.700. The northern reaches of the chain, known as the Tropical Andes, support more than 45,000 plants and 3,000 vertebrate species, half of them endemic. Here, we enlist some of the most notable mammalians of the Andes. Endemic plant species. The Tropical Andes biodiversity hotspot extends from Venezuela to northern Chile and Argentina, covering a total of more than 500,000 square kilometres. The Neblina Reserve is situated within a Key Biodiversity Area within the Tropical Andes. The majority of the species, as elsewhere in the tropics, are Biodiversity hotspots contain at least 1,500 endemic plant species and have lost at least 70 percent of their natural habitat. Species richness is one of the criteria that serves to rank the tropical Andes as a major The species is widely distributed in the tropical Andes, but the number and composition of associate species largely depends on altitude. Explore all the diversity of the Colombian Andes in a single tour. A short summary of this paper. This paper. Most species (73 out of 98) are endemic to Ecuador and Peru. Tropical rainforests and coral reefs are among the planet’s richest and most complex ecosystems. The area even sparked the interest of renowned biologist E.O. Perhaps because of this remoteness, it is home to hundreds of endemic tropical species. Ongoing deforestation strongly threatens these species with climate change being an addi- tional threat, leading to further habitat loss and reduction of connectivity [28, 29]. why is the tropical andes a hotspotmass concentration definition. Endemic and - dalam bahasa Melayu, makna, sinonim, dengarkan, transkripsi, antonim, definisi. used high-resolution species distribution models and dated molecular phylogenies of birds to study species isolation and diversification in the tropical Andes. The tropical Andes, the stretch of the mountain range that includes the Central Andes (Bolivia and Peru) and Northern Andes (Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela), were dubbed the 'global epicentre of biodiversity' by British ecologist Norman Myers. The Tropical Andes hotspot is notable for its variety of hummingbird species, for the world's largest flying bird the Ancean condor and for the world's deepest gorge, the Colca Canyon. (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru). Stretching from Argentina to Colombia, the Tropical Andes, is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world—but less than 25 percent remains intact. narrow mountain chains, such as the Andes. Tropical Andes A Biodiversity Hot Spot Reasons Species Present Some Facts Many endemic plant and animal species are currently threatened in the Tropical Andes. Indeed, when considering the rate of warming in the free troposphere (e.g. The region also has the largest variety of amphibian, bird and mammal species, and takes second place to the Mesoamerica Hotspot for reptile diversity. Located in northwestern Ecuador, the Centinela Ridge lies just west of the Andes, in between the mountain range and the Pacific Coast. The analysis of 967 species included freshwater fishes, freshwater mollusks, … Credit: Pablo J. The graminoid layer typically has a bluish tinge. chsaa football 4a bracket Cover image: Pictured is the hummingbird Oxypogon stubelii, a species endemic to a biogeographic region in the tropical Andes.Nicolas A. Hazzi et al. used high-resolution species distribution models and dated molecular phylogenies of birds to study species isolation and diversification in the tropical Andes.

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